AA Lit and Crit

Monday, March 26, 2007

I vaguely recall wanting to post over Spring Break about M. Butterfly, but you know what they say about the best laid plans.

So!

I just wanted to post some personal responses to "The Upside-Downnes of the World as it Unfolds," in particular some of the issues raised in Part 3.

There is the introduction of Meghan and Virginia, who, as the narrator puts it, "want to be brown and sugary like me." She emphasizes that "they didn't mean to mock or be malicious."

I remember that when I first came to Pomona I was faced with something I had never had to deal with before: the assumption that I spoke Japanese fluently, that I knew all about Japanese customs, that I was, essentially, Japanese. Which is about the farthest thing from the truth, really. No one in my family speaks Japanese, just me and my brother; we speak poor, broken Japanese, and there's no reason for us to use a language we aren't fluent in when we can just as easily use English without the embarrassment. In a lot of ways, being Japanese-American means that I have Japanese influences in my life. I was given a set of Girl's Day dolls when I was born, I collect maneki nekos (those good luck cats, with one or two paws in the air), we have sushi for New Years, etc.

So to have someone say, "Oh, you're Japanese!" and start speaking in rapid Japanese was disorienting. Add in the fact that most people like that were white, and I was completely lost. I suppose I should note that in general, Asian/Asian-American students always asked, "Are you from Japan?" Given all this, I was able to relate very strongly when the narrator says, "[Meghan] often exclaimed in longer Hindi sentences, catching me off guard, making me feel ignorant and like a charlatan."

What the narrator felt, "shame that [Meghan and Virginia] were better Indians" than her, more culturally aware of her culture than she was herself, was something I felt too. I've come to think of this as a sort of "commodification of culture," for lack of a better way of classifying it. Isn't it strange, that white people are "better" Indians or Japanese than those of us born into the tradition? Most of the white students who put me on the spot by speaking Japanese or assuming that I was well-versed in traditional Japanese culture told me that they'd "picked it all up" while traveling or living abroad in Japan. They learned culture through privilege. Likewise, the narrator of the story emphasizes how "white" those practicing her "culture" are.

This raised a lot of questions for me. First of all, what is culture? Is it being born into it, and creating our own unique experience from it? Is there a set of prescribed norms that everyone of a certain culture understands and accepts?

Second, who "writes" culture? Who determines what makes one a "good" Indian or a "good" Japanese? To what extent to "Japanese" and "Indian" people write it, and to what extent to "white" people determine it?

And third, why do white people go looking for another culture to become part of? I think this is particularly important. Yes, they are exoticizing different cultures, but isn't it telling that they don't, as the narrator says, "go check out [their] own ancestry!"? Does that imply that they don't have an ancestry worthy of incorporating, that it doesn't matter, that whiteness obscures those kinds of differences, or something else?

Just wanted to comment on those things because I felt like those were the issues that made it possible for me to relate to the story, and they were the things that elicited the most emotional response out of me. Chances are that I will wake up in a few hours and realize that I've written complete nonsense.

2 Comments:

At 2:46 AM, Blogger Seung Hye said...

Posted by Vivian Lin

Alanna, I had an experience very similar to yours at the beginning of this year. I was with some other members of the Scripps Asian American Sponsor Program, delivering letters and things to sponsees at their dorm rooms when we ran into a couple of first year students, one of whom (she was Caucasian) asked who we were. Once we had explained about the sponsor program, she asked if any of us spoke Chinese (actually, I can't remember if she asked if we spoke Chinese or if we were Chinese), and when one person said yes, she proceeded to say a couple of things in Mandarin. I just stood there awkwardly while they had a brief conversation; I actually felt guilty that I couldn't participate. To be fair, I've always felt left out at family-friend gatherings since I couldn't communicate in anything other than English. It's strange to feel left out, though, when someone who isn't racially connection to a culture seems to have a stronger connection to that culture. This may be one of those problematic things that comes with the Asian American identity. In the story, Mootoo makes it very clear that the two white women are trying to adopt more than just the clothing and the language (after all, there's absolutely no practical reason to fake an Indian accent when speaking English other); but, in real life, things aren't necessarily so clear cut. Just because someone adopts the language or an aspect of the culture, doesn't mean they're trying to appropriate the culture entirely (more on this later). In the short story form, it's quite possibly to

And on your mention of privilege, I think that's a very good point; a language, among other things, is very hard to learn if you don't grow up hearing it or have access to educational opportunities or some sort. But, I don't think that privilege is a factor only among white individuals who speak an Asian language--even people who are Japanese and can speak Japanese were able to learn the language through privilege. I do not know any Japanese Americans who learned Japanese without taking classes or receiving some level of schooling. I tend to think that learning two languages, regardless of whether or not the parents speak the languages fluently, is always a matter of privilege. Teaching anyone, even a child, requires time and energy, and if these things can't be provided, then the language can't be sufficiently taught. When I asked my mom why I never learned Taiwanese or Mandarin, even though both my parents are from Taiwan, she said it was probably because they were both working when I was young, and the babysitters and daycare people were predominantly white, American women. If a parent or relative nearby can stay home and teach a child, then maybe the child picks up the language--for this to happen, though, isn't it too a matter of privilege, on some level?

I think, to some extent, we're all implicated in this cultural "interloping." Mootoo's story greatly exaggerated this phenomena (I won't say this doesn't happen, but I've never meet a person who sincerely said or acted like they wanted to fully be Asian; feel free to disagree, though), perhaps for the purposes of humor and irony--that's the beauty of the short story, huh? I wonder if it would have been harder to relate to the narrator's feelings of anger and disgust if Meghan and Virginia hadn't been so flamboyant in their attempts to be Indian.

I don't think you meant to generalize on this issue, but I'd like to point out that people don't necessarily go (actively) looking for a culture to appropriate as their own--it's possible that people learn, for example, a language for non-cultural purposes, and the cultural values/practices just happen to come in the package. Especially with the rising economic power of China, learning Mandarin can be a huge business advantage, so I'm not entirely surprised by the number of non-Chinese people who are learning the language. Or, just because you like Mexican food or Thai food doesn't mean you're trying to be Mexican or Thai, culturally. On a personal note, I don't practice martial arts in the attempt to be more Asian; I'm not trying to be Japanese or Korean, either, and I'd be dumbstruck if a Japanese or Korean person ever came up to me and asked me, "Why don't you go check out your own martial arts!"

You're very right, though, that some cultural things are made appealing, exoticized as they are, and turned into a popular fad and/or hyped up in the media. On one hand, I'd say that many people turn to these sorts of things because they believe that their own culture doesn't have an analogue; there's something cooler, more interesting, about a culture different from your own. But, it's very possible that people ethnically within the culture that has been popularized participate in the fad themselves--the narrator did notice Indian men and women at the Hare Krishna meeting, even though the leader and followers seemed to have made their own, perhaps flawed interpretation of the cultural practices. So, the stereotypes and exoticized practices may be enforced and perpetuated by both "outsiders" and "insiders." The narrator may have been making fun of her feelings of shame for not being as good an Indian as Meghan or Virginia, but it's significant that those feelings are there in the first place, even if later on, reflection shows them to be silly. Why is it that we feel guilty for not supporting the stereotype or someone else's expectation?

Anyway, I realized that I didn't answer many of the questions you posed, Alanna, but I just wanted to share my thoughts on some of the complex issues for discussion that you brought up.

 
At 2:02 AM, Blogger Vivian said...

In response to this part of your post:

"And third, why do white people go looking for another culture to become part of? I think this is particularly important. Yes, they are exoticizing different cultures, but isn't it telling that they don't, as the narrator says, "go check out [their] own ancestry!"? Does that imply that they don't have an ancestry worthy of incorporating, that it doesn't matter, that whiteness obscures those kinds of differences, or something else?"

I wonder about this all the time too. White people aren't the only people exoticizing cultures; Asians and other races do it often too, but there's usually different standards created for perceived "insiders" vs. "outsiders." As far as why some white people (and people of other races too) look for another culture to be a part of, I think it has to do with how whiteness is created in America, and how "outside" cultures and ethnicities in the United States are constructed in opposition to whiteness. So, in this respect, in the U.S., being "white" is sometimes viewed in a homongenizing, bland, culture-less way, and that's set up as the norm. I think that under this particular setup, other cultures are "different" and "exotic" in contrast to the white norm, making them more appealing.

Anyway, I don't think white people trying to learn about and participate in other cultures is necessarily bad or that it always implies appropriation. What I do expect and ask, though, is that when people decide to learn about other cultures and participate in that particular minority culture, that they also take a further step to--especially if they're in the United States--educate themselves on the racialization of those groups too, and all the crap that we go through because of our race and sometimes cultures. To give an example, I watched this short documentary called "When the Coolie became Cool" and it was basically about cultural appropriation. And this South Asian woman was commenting on the trend for white women to don bindis on their foreheads because it was pretty or trendy or exotic or for whatever other reasons. And this woman said something along the lines of: "If you want to wear that bindi on your head, you NEED to understand not only the cultural implications but also the years of humiliation and pain I suffered as a child in an American school, how I got made fun of in grade school for wearing that bindi." Wearing a bindi wasn't a choice she had as a child, and she said that those choosing to appropriate or "wear" other cultures need to understand race and racism, and all that painful baggage that comes with practicing different cultures in America.

Anyway, this reminds me of a personal story too (i like this story-telling business that we're doing! :) ). Last year, I went to the IDAAS dimsum event, which is for Asian American Studies majors/minors to talk to alumni, faculty, each other, and have a conversation about the API community, API issues, etc. So, there was this one white male who went, and I started talking to him and he was saying how he was interested in China and worked with some Chinese TV company and did Falun Gong stuff, etc.etc. And when he found out I could speak Chinese, he got really interested and wanted to hear me say something, to which I responded that he was making me feel uncomfortable. He was an Asian Studies major, which is NOT Asian-American studies at all, yet he came to this IDAAS event because there was dimsum. It was disconcerting to me that he'd mixed up Asian Studies with Asian-American Studies, when the two fields have such different and oftentimes opposing functions. When we were at the actual lunch, the alumni and the students started having a discussion about API community, the formation of a 5C API Center, resistance movements, etc., basically talking about social justice and API issues. And I was glad that this kid was exposed to these issues, but I remember thinking how unfortunate it was that he initially thought that just because this was a dimsum event, that it was another Asian/Chinese thing for him to take part in without realizing what it actually was...because being Asian-American is SO DIFFERENT from just being Asian. I hope he learned something that day about racialization and cultural appropriation and how just because you are part of a certain race and/or culture doesn't mean that you "wear the accessories" of that culure, like eat dimsum all the time. But then I found out that he had a facebook group that was titled something along the lines of "I Wish I were Asian..." and listed off things like "do you love to drink boba? play DDR? then please join!" And then I got mad again. Anyway, your story and Vivian Lin's story reminded me of this incident. So I thought I'd share and rant here.

Anyway, the bigger reason why I bring this up is because I feel like people appropriate other cultures because, as was mentioned in class on Monday, they see cultures in a "static" or "ancient" manner, and they don't realize that in the United States, being a certain race and/or culture can come with a lot of historical and political baggage and discrimination, and that if you want to be part of another culture, especially a minority one, you better do your homework and then be willing to feel uncomfortable.

 

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